# BPC-157 References: The Cited Literature and Regulatory Sources

> BPC-157 references and citations — the full peer-reviewed literature and FDA regulatory sources behind every claim on this site, with DOIs, PMIDs, and URLs.

The peer-reviewed literature and FDA regulatory sources behind every figure and claim on this site.

## About this reference register

Every quantitative claim on this BPC-157 site maps to a numbered entry below. The research entries [1] through [15] are the peer-reviewed literature — PubMed-indexed primary studies and reviews. The regulatory entries [1] through [5], cited on the [BPC-157 legal status and 503A category](/legal-status) page, are FDA pages and a supporting legal analysis. Where a study is paywalled, the PubMed record links to the abstract and identifiers. Identifiers are given as DOI, PMID, and URL so any reader or crawler can resolve the source independently.

## References

[1] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/
[2] He L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36588717/
[3] Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/
[4] Xue XC, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1037. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15052688/
[5] Sikiric P, et al. Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(8):857-865. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27138887/
[6] Gojkovic S, et al. Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(1):23-46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35125818/
[7] Sikiric P, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of BPC 157, a 15-amino acid peptide, on liver lesions induced by either restraint stress or bile duct and hepatic artery ligation or CCl4 administration. Life Sci. 1993;53(18):PL291-296. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901724/
[8] Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/
[9] McGuire FP, et al. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789979/
[10] Sikiric P, et al. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38675421/
[11] Duodenocolic fistula healing by pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in rats. A cytoprotection viewpoint. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2024;75(1). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38583442/
[12] Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Intestinal Anastomoses Therapy in Rats - A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(8):1081. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39204186/
[13] Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39325560/
[14] Tracheocutaneous Fistula Resolved by Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Through the NO-System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2026;19(1):145. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41599743/
[15] BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(10):1450. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41155565/

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An engraved register of the BPC-157 literature, read in gold on black — not a clinic, not a pharmacy, not a prescription, and nothing here is for sale.